Backoff

Backoff is a readonly record struct that determines the delay between retry attempts.

Member	Description
Backoff.Default	Uses Exponential() with a 100 ms transient base, 1 s throttled base, factor of 2, 30 s cap, and full jitter.
Backoff.None	Retries immediately. Use this only when the dependency is not shared.
Backoff.Exponential(transientBase, throttledBase, factor, max)	Uses exponential backoff with separate bases for different retryable verdicts. All parameters are optional.
Backoff.Constant(delay)	Applies the same delay before every retry.
Backoff.Custom(Func<NextAttempt, TimeSpan>)	Allows you to compute the delay yourself. This mode ignores the Max property and jitter.
Jitter	Determines the amount of randomness applied to the delay.
Max	The maximum allowable delay for any single attempt. Defaults to 30 s. Use Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan for no cap.
Compute(in NextAttempt)	Calculates the delay before the specified attempt. This value is never negative.

Exponential backoff calculation

For exponential backoff, the delay for attempt n is calculated as: base × factor^(n-2)

The result is capped at Max and then jittered. The first retry is served the base delay.

Default parameters:

• transientBase: 100 ms
• throttledBase: 1 s
• factor: 2.0
• max: 30 s

Priority and constraints

The Verdict.RetryAfter value takes precedence over all backoff curves. It is honored verbatim, capped only by Max, and no jitter is applied.

The executor also ensures that a delay does not consume the remaining time on the deadline. If a delay would exceed the deadline, the call fails immediately with a deadline exception instead of sleeping.

Note: default(Backoff) is equivalent to Backoff.Default.

Jitter

Jitter adds randomness to the delay to prevent "thundering herd" problems where multiple clients retry simultaneously.

Value	Resulting Delay
Full	random(0, computed). This is the default and the most effective way to break correlation between clients.
Equal	(computed / 2) + random(0, computed / 2). This maintains a minimum delay floor.
None	No randomness is applied. This is typically only used in tests.